Mawu Oyamba
Graphite ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe sichili-chopanda chitsulo chokhala ndi zitsulo zapawiri komanso zosakhala{1}}zopanda zitsulo. Imadziwika kuti "Strategic Resource yothandizira chitukuko chapamwamba-m'zaka za m'ma 2100" ndipo idadziwika kuti "golide wakuda". Kukwera-kuyera graphite kumatanthauza graphite yokhala ndi mpweya wopitilira 99.99%. Imakhala ndi-mafuta odzipaka okha, olimba kwambiri, kukhathamiritsa kwamagetsi kwabwino, asidi/alkali/corrosion/heat resistance, kufutukuka kocheperako, kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamankhwala, kutseka kwambiri, ndi mawonekedwe ofananirako komanso ophatikizana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wamagetsi, zitsulo, chitetezo cha dziko, zakuthambo, mphamvu, makampani opanga mankhwala ndi magawo ena. Makamaka, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale omwe akutukuka kumene monga kukonza zinthu zachitatu-zogwiritsa ntchito zida zanyukiliya, makampani a nyukiliya, ndi makampani opanga ma photovoltaic, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chuma cha China.
1. Katundu wa Graphite Ore
Graphite ndi mchere wopangidwa ndi zinthu za kaboni, wakuda wonyezimira wakuda wokhala ndi zitsulo zonyezimira komanso anisotropy. Kachulukidwe ake ndi 2.09-2.23 g/cm³, kusungunuka mfundo 3850 digiri, otentha mfundo 4250 digiri, kutentha mayamwidwe mphamvu 6.9036 × 10⁷ J/kg, kusonyeza kwambiri matenthedwe bata.
2. Zapamwamba{{1}Zoyera Graphite
2.1Natural High-Purity Graphite
Kutengera ndi zopangira ndi njira zokonzera, -parity graphite yapamwamba imatha kugawidwa m'magulu achilengedwe apamwamba{1}}parity graphite ndi synthetic high-purity graphite.
Natural high-purity graphite imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi ndi matenthedwe, monga zotchingira, -zopaka dzimbiri, ma elekitirodi a kaboni, majenereta, zothira mafuta, ndi zida zodzitetezera kumakampani anyukiliya. Synthetic high-purity graphite, yokhala ndi morphology yofanana ndi kukula kwa tinthu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu anode ophika kale, ma graphite apadera, mafakitale a nyukiliya ndi zina. Njira zokonzera-zoyera za graphite zimasiyanasiyana ndi zida zosiyanasiyana.
Palibe graphite yoyera m'chilengedwe. Graphite ore nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zonyansa monga SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, CaO, P₂O₅, CuO, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati mchere monga quartz, pyrite, carbonate, komanso zinthu zagasi kuphatikizapo madzi, asphalt, CO₂, H₂, N₄, ndi. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwa graphite kumafuna kutsimikiza kwazomwe zili mkati mwa kaboni komanso zinthu zosakhazikika komanso phulusa. Njira zoyeretsera ma graphite cholinga chake ndikuchotsa zonyansa izi. Kukwera kwa chiyero cha graphite (ie, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon), kumakwera mtengo wake komanso kufalikira kwake.
Kukonzekera kwapamwamba-kuyeretsa graphite kuchokera ku graphite yachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuyeretsedwa kwa miyala ya graphite mwa kuyandama, kuyeretsa flotation concentrate ndi alkali{1}njira ya asidi kapena njira ya hydrofluoric acid, ndipo potsirizira pake kupeza{2}}zopangidwa zoyera za graphite ndi{3}}njira ya kutentha kapena kutentha kwambiri{4}.{4}
2.2 Synthetic High-Purity Graphite
Synthetic graphite nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza zinthu za graphite zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito-petroleum coke ndi pitch coke monga zophatikiza, kuwonjezera phula la malasha ngati binder ndi zina zowonjezera, zotsatiridwa ndi njira zambiri zochizira{1}}zotentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zopangira zimayikidwa poyambirira ndikuyikidwa pamalo okwera kwambiri{3}}pa kutentha kwapadera kuti apange graphitization ndi kuyeretsa. Mitundu yayikulu ya ng'anjo imaphatikizapo ng'anjo za Acheson graphitization, ng'anjo zamkati za graphitization, ndi ng'anjo zamagetsi zopitilira graphitization. Kutentha kwambiri-kutentha kwambiri mu ng'anjo kumapangitsa kuti petroleum coke ndi pitch coke, ndipo mpweya wa halogen umayambitsidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi zonyansa, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi kutenthedwa kuti zipezeke{7}}zoyera kwambiri.
Ngakhale zina mwa zonyansa za petroleum coke ndi pitch coke zimatha kuchotsedwa-pakutentha kwambiri popanga ma synthetic high-purity graphite, pali zofunikira zomveka za sulfure ndi phulusa mu petroleum coke raw materials. Chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwa mafuta ochuluka a-sulfur crude oil, kuchuluka-sulfur petroleum coke akuchulukiranso. Kuti akwaniritse zochepera-zofunika za sulfure za petroleum coke kuti apange high-purity graphite kupanga, akatswiri ambiri achita-kafukufuku wozama pa njira zoyenera komanso zogwira mtima za petroleum coke desulfurization.
Kuyera kwa graphite kumatsimikizira momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zambiri zazinthu zopangira ma graphite deep-. Kukwera kwa chiyero, kumakwera mtengo wa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo:
Mabatire a graphite ngati anode a lithiamu-amafunika chiyero choposa 99.98%;
Ma graphite achilengedwe a diamondi yopangira kupanga amafuna chiyero choposa 99.999%, chokhala ndi boron pansipa 0.01 × 10⁻⁶;
Graphite yapadera yazamlengalenga, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya imafuna chiyero cha 99% ~ 99.99% kapena kupitilira apo;
Ufa wa graphite popanga zowotcha zachitatu-zovala zamtundu wa semiconductor SiC zimafunikira kuyera kwambiri mpaka 99.9995% kapena kupitilira apo.
Kuyeretsedwa kwa graphite ndiye maziko okonzekera zida zonse za graphite komanso nkhani wamba pakupanga zida za graphite. Njira zoyeretsera ma graphite ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kuchuluka kwambiri, komanso kuipitsidwa kochepa ndizomwe zimayang'ana pa R&D yamakono.
3. Graphite Purification Technologies
3.1 Njira yoyandama
Pogwiritsa ntchito kuyandama kwabwino kwa ma graphite achilengedwe, njira zoyandama zokhala ndi-zoyenda mosiyanasiyana amapangidwa kuti alekanitse ma flake graphite kapena microcrystalline graphite ndi mchere wogwirizana nawo monga kaolin, quartz, ndi mica mu miyala yachilengedwe ya graphite ore. Ukadaulowu ukhoza kulemeretsa miyala yachilengedwe ya graphite ndi giredi yochepera 20% kukhala graphite mokhazikika ndi kuyera kwa 95%, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira popanga{4}}zoyera za graphite.
3.2 Alkali{1}}Njira ya Asidi
Njira yoyeretsera imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwa alkali ndi acidolysis. Mu kusakanikirana kwa alkali, zonyansa za graphite monga Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO, CaO zimachita ndi NaOH pa kutentha kwakukulu kupanga madzi-insoluble hydroxides; zonyansa zina (monga, SiO₂) zimatulutsa madzi-zosungunuka, zomwe zimachotsedwa ndi kukhetsa madzi ndi kuchapa. Mu acidolysis, graphite ndi hydroxides pambuyo maphatikizidwe zamchere zimasakanizidwa ndi hydrochloric acid ya ndende ina ya leaching yotentha, kuwasandutsa ma chloride osungunuka omwe amatsukidwa ndi madzi. -yoyera kwambiri ya graphite yokhala ndi ukhondo wopitilira 99% imatha kupezeka pambuyo pa acidolysis.
Pakadali pano, njira ya alkali-asidi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani, ndi zabwino zake monga kutsika pang'ono-kusunga nthawi, kutsika kwambiri, komanso kusinthasintha kwamphamvu. Komabe, ilinso ndi zovuta zina monga kuchuluka kwa kutentha-kuchuluka kwa kutentha, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri, nthawi yayitali, kuwonongeka kwa zida, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ma graphite, ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa madzi oipa.
3.3 Njira Yowotcha chlorine
Pafupifupi madigiri 1000, mpweya wa chlorine umalowetsedwa mu graphite. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya okosijeni ya klorini, zonyansa za zitsulo za oxide mu graphite zimakokedwa ndi ma chloride okhala ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono. Pansi pa kutentha uku, ma chloride achitsulo amatha kusinthidwa mwachangu ndikutulutsidwa mochuluka, pozindikira kuyeretsedwa kwa graphite.
Kuwotcha kwa chlorine nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yowonjezerapo yoyeretsera ma graphite, kufananiza ndi njira zina, ndipo kumakhala ndi zabwino zoonekeratu makamaka pochotsa zodetsa zachitsulo. Komabe, kawopsedwe, corrosiveness ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe kwa klorini kumalepheretsa kutchuka kwa njirayi pamlingo wina. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizovuta kupanga ultra-high-purity graphite, ndipo makina osakhazikika amakhudzanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake.
3.4 Njira ya Hydrofluoric Acid
Zonyansa mu ore yaiwisi zimachita ndi hydrofluoric acid kuti apange madzi-soluble fluorides ndi fluorosilicates, omwe amachotsedwa ndi kutsuka m'madzi kuti apeze graphite yapamwamba-.
Ubwino waukulu wa njira ya hydrofluoric acid ndikuchita bwino kwambiri pakuchotsa zonyansa, kuchuluka kwazinthu zambiri, kukhudzidwa pang'ono pakuchita kwa graphite, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa. Choyipa ndichakuti hydrofluoric acid ndi yapoizoni komanso yowononga kwambiri, yomwe imafunikira njira zotetezera chitetezo popanga, komanso kusungitsa ndalama zambiri zoteteza zachilengedwe kumachepetsa kwambiri kupikisana pazachuma.
3.5 High{1}}Njira Yoyeretsera Kutentha
Potengera mfundo yakuti graphite imakhala ndi malo otentha kwambiri pamene zonyansa zina zimakhala ndi malo owira pang'ono, graphite yachilengedwe yokhala ndi mpweya wa carbon pafupifupi 80% imayikidwa mu ng'anjo yoyeretsera pa madigiri 1500 kuti asungunuke ndi kuchotsa zonyansa zochepera-zowira. Kenako imalowa m'ng'anjo ya 25002800 digiri kuchotsa zonyansa zambiri, ndipo potsiriza ng'anjo pa 28003200 digiri yokhala ndi mpweya woyenerera wa HF ndi HCl. Mipweya imeneyi imachita ndi-zitsulo zowiritsa zowiritsa pa kutentha kwambiri kuti zipangike pang'ono-kuwira ma fluoride ndi ma chloride, amene amathiridwa gasi ndi kutayidwa. Mwanjira iyi, graphite yachilengedwe imayeretsedwa ku 99.99% ~ 99.9998% ya carbon.
Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza chiyero cha graphite ndi monga zopangira, graphite crucible chiyero, njira yotenthetsera ya graphitization, ndi kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ta graphite. Njirayi ili ndi zofunikira zazikulu za chiyero cha zinthu zopangira, zabwino zakuthupi ndi ukadaulo wa zida, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso ndalama zambiri. Choncho, ntchito yake yamakono ndi yochepa, makamaka m'madera apadera monga zakuthambo, chitetezo cha dziko ndi mafakitale a nyukiliya omwe ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba kwambiri za graphite.
3.6 Njira Yoyeretsera Gasi wa Halogen
-Mafakitale apamwamba (monga makampani opangira ma semiconductor) amafuna kuyeretsedwa kwa graphite kupitilira 99.999%, komwe sikungatheke ndi kuyeretsa{4}}kutentha kokhako. Makampani nthawi zambiri amatengera njira yoyeretsera mpweya wa halogen (yomwe imatchedwanso kuyeretsa thupi). Ndi kutentha kwa ng'anjo yowonjezereka ndi digiri ya vacuum, zonyansa zina muzinthu za graphite zimasungunuka zokha. Pa zonyansa zina zomwe zimafuna kutentha kwambiri, mipweya ya halogen (makamaka chlorine ndi halogenated hydrocarbons) imasandulika kukhala ma halidi okhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka ndi otentha. Pansi pa ntchito yophatikizidwa, zonyansa zimachotsedwa kuti zikwaniritse kuyeretsedwa kwa graphite.
4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito -Ma Graphite Oyera
4.1 Zida Zopangira Mafuta
Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zopangira mafuta olimba, kapangidwe kake ka graphite kamapangitsa kuti ikhale yokhayokha-yopaka mafuta. Pansi pa kukanikizana ndi kukameta ubweya pakakangana kowuma ndi zitsulo, zigawo za graphite zimatsetsereka, ndikupanga filimu yopyapyala yotengera ma graphite pamtunda wokangana wachitsulo mocheperako. Chifukwa chake, kugundana kowuma pakati pa graphite ndi chitsulo kumakhala kotsika kuposa komwe kuli pakati pa zitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti -zidzipaka mafuta.
Zitsulo muzitsulo-zowirikiza graphite friction nthawi zambiri zimakhala 45# zitsulo, 40Cr chitsulo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aloyi yamkuwa, ndi zina zotero. Kukangana ndi kuvala kwa mapeya a graphite{4}}kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a zitsulo. Kuchepetsa kukangana ndi kuvala pakati pa mawotchi amakasitomala ndiyo njira yayikulu yopititsira patsogolo magwiridwe antchito ndi moyo wautumiki wa magawo amakina. Kuphunzira za kuchuluka kwa katundu, kutentha, liwiro lotsetsereka, mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi kapangidwe kake kumathandiza kukulitsa moyo wa ntchito za ma graphite{7}}mapeya azitsulo.
4.2 Zida Zosindikizira
graphite yowonjezedwa ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala graphite yosinthika pambuyo potumiza-mankhwala, ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta ocheperako (1×10⁻⁶~30×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹). Simasanduka brittle kapena kusweka pa kutentha kochepa, kapena kufewetsa kapena kukwawa pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Poyerekeza ndi zida zachikhalidwe zosindikizira (asibesito, mphira, mapadi ndi ma composites), graphite yosinthika imakhala ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwautumiki (200 ~ 450 digiri mumlengalenga). Choncho, kukod graphite chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kusindikiza zakuthupi makina, zitsulo, galimoto, shipbuilding, petrochemical ndi zina.
4.3 Lawi lamoto-Zida Zotsalira
Ma graphite owonjezera amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi ma polima, ma resin, ndi zina zambiri kuti apange zida zosayaka moto. Pakayaka moto, graphite yowonjezereka imakula mwachangu kuti ipange chowonjezera chotenthetsera chamafuta pamtunda, kupereka kutchinjiriza kwabwino kwambiri komanso kutsekereza kutulutsa mpweya wapoizoni.
4.4 Electrode Composite Zida
Ma graphite owonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera zida zosiyanasiyana zama electrode za batri chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri, kukhazikika kwamankhwala, kukhazikika kwamafuta ndi magetsi, komanso kukonzekera kosavuta. Kukhazikika kwake kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zida za electrode (mwachitsanzo, mu mabatire a Li/S kapena Li/Si) panthawi yoyendetsa njinga, kuwongolera moyo wozungulira.
Komanso, malo otalikirana pakati pa ma graphite okulirapo amapereka mpata wochulukira wolumikizirana wa Li⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ mu-mabatire achiwiri a ion achitsulo (lithium-ion, sodium{2}}ion, magnesium-ion, zinc{{4}), epnsition energy ndi battery ya sorbent. Ma graphite owonjezera amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma elekitirodi a supercapacitors.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma graphite composites okhala ndi ma polymer matrix ndi opepuka, otsika-ndi osavuta kuumba. The magetsi katundu akhoza kusinthidwa ambiri mwa kusintha mlingo wa kukodzedwa graphite.
4.5 Zachikhalidwe ndi Zapamwamba-Zopanga Zapamwamba
Maelekitirodi azitsulo ndi mafakitale opangira zinthu zakale ndi malo omwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito ma graphite, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungunula maelekitirodi ndi zokutira popangira zitsulo, mkuwa, aluminiyamu ndi zitsulo zina zosakhala -zachitsulo. Kufuna kwa graphite popanga mapensulo sikukhazikika.
Zipangizo za graphite zimakhala ndi mpangidwe wosavuta, kukonza-zopanda kutha, kusamva bwino, kulemedwa kwambiri-kukhoza kunyamula komanso kupirira mwamphamvu, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala-zigawo zazikuluzikulu za zida za nyukiliya, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, zamlengalenga ndi zankhondo.
4.6 Zida Zanyukiliya
Graphite ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakatikati pa-gasi wotentha kwambiri{1}}zozizira zoziziritsa kukhosi, monga ma conduits, mafuta amafuta ndi zida zothandizira. Zonyamula ndi zowongolera pamapampu apamwamba a nyukiliya ku Russia nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito siliconized graphite. Graphite imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri a nyukiliya ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati woyang'anira ndi wowunikira mu ma reactor.
4.7 Zipangizo za Semiconductor
M'makampani opangira ma semiconductor, zinthu za graphite zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri-zida zochizira kutentha kwambiri monga ng'anjo za crystal kukula, ng'anjo za carbonization ndi ng'anjo za graphitization.
Zogulitsa zapamwamba-zoyera za graphite zachitatu-zam'badwo wachitatu semiconductor silicon carbide (SiC) zili ndi ma graphite crucibles, heaters ndi ufa wokulitsa kristalo, zomwe kuyera kumatsimikizira mtundu wa makristalo a SiC. Kuyeretsedwa kwapamwamba kotere-kuyeretsa graphite nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito-njira zamakemikolo, zomwe zimafuna chiyero Chachikulu kuposa kapena chofanana ndi 99.9995%, ndi malire okhwima pa zonyansa zapayekha (mwachitsanzo, B Zochepa kapena zofanana ndi 0.05×10⁻⁶, Al Zocheperapo kapena zofanana ndi 0.05×5).⁶5×5).
4.8 Zida Zopangira Daimondi
Pakali pano, single- diamondi ya crystal imapangidwa makamaka ndi High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) njira ndi njira ya Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). CVD imagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni-yokhala ndi mipweya (methane, haidrojeni, ndi zina zotero), zomwe zimatsogolera ku zinyalala za haidrojeni komanso kupsinjika mu kristalo wa diamondi. Daimondi ya HPHT yokhala ndi aloyi akale monga chothandizira imakhala ndi zonyansa zina zachitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kaphatikizidwe ka diamondi "choyera kwambiri" kukhala chovuta komanso chovuta.
Recent breakthroughs in static ultra-high pressure technology have enabled direct synthesis of diamond from graphite under extreme P-T conditions (>15 GPA, 2000 digiri). Zikakhala zotere, graphite imasintha kukhala diamondi mwachangu, kupanga centimita{3}}zophatikiza zazikulu za polycrystalline zoyera kwambiri.
Mapeto
Mitundu yayikulu ya graphite yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China ndi monga -purity graphite, isostatic pressing graphite, expandable graphite, fluorinated graphite, colloidal graphite ndi graphene. Kuwongolera kuyera kwa graphite ndikofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zonse zamtundu wa graphite-zofunika koma zovuta.
Pamene kufunikira kwa-ukhondo wa graphite m'zinthu zapamwamba{1}kuchulukirachulukira ndipo zofunika zaukhondo zikuchulukirachulukira, umisiri wogwirizana nawo watsala pang'ono kudikirira zopambana.
