Graphite: Golide Wakuda Wamafakitale Wokhala Ndi Umunthu Wosiyana

Natural graphite ndi-mineral yachitsulo yosapangidwa ndi zinthu za carbon. Ndi zotsatira za zotsatira zophatikizana za sedimentation ndi metamorphism panthawi ya mbiri yakale ya geological. Kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi magawo awiri: gawo la carbon-kuchuluka kwa matope ndi metamorphic mineralization stage. Woyamba amapereka gwero lambiri la carbon kuti apange graphite, pamene womalizayo amamaliza kusintha kuchokera ku carbon kupita ku graphite.

Natural graphite amapangidwa kuchokera ku carbon zinthu m'chilengedwe. Magwero a zinthu za carbon amatha kugawidwa kukhala organic carbon ndi inorganic carbon. Zina mwa izo, organic carbon ndizovuta kwambiri, makamaka kuchokera ku zomera za algae ndi microfossils munyanja yoyambirira, komanso carbon-zina zotsalira. Mpweya wa inorganic carbon umapangitsa gawo laling'ono, makamaka kuchokera ku carbon{4}}yokhala ndi zinthu monga miyala ya carbonate yomwe imapangidwa m'nyanja. Mpweya woyambirira wa organic carbon ndi inorganic carbon zimaunjikana ndipo zimakwiriridwa pansi pa nyanja, kupanga zigawo za sedimentary zodzaza ndi zinthu za carbon.

Pambuyo pokhala ndi nkhokwe zokwanira za sedimentary, zipangizo za carbonaceous zimafunika kutentha ndi kupanikizika kuti zisinthidwe kukhala graphite. Kusintha kumeneku kumatchedwanso kuti graphitization process. Pakusuntha kwa ma plates a Dziko Lapansi, mpweya-wochuluka wa sedimentary layers munyanja umayenda pang'onopang'ono mpaka kukuya kwa kutumphuka. Malo otsekedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupanikizika kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zobalalika za carbonaceous zitheke mofulumira komanso mwadongosolo kupanga ma graphite nuclei, ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono zimagwirizanitsa ndikukula kupanga makristasi a graphite. Pakati pawo, kutentha ndi kupanikizika ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa zinthu za carbonaceous kukhala graphite, ndipo nthawi ya kukula kwa kristalo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pamlingo wa graphitization.

Ma graphite achilengedwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ali ndi malo ambiri osungira. "2024 Mineral Commodity Summary" yotulutsidwa ndi United States Geological Survey ikuwonetsa kuti pofika kumapeto kwa 2022, nkhokwe zotsimikizika padziko lonse lapansi za graphite zachilengedwe zinali pafupifupi matani 280 miliyoni. Zosungirako zaku China zinali pafupifupi matani 810 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse padziko lonse lapansi. Kupanga kwa ma graphite padziko lonse mu 2023 kunali pafupifupi matani 1.6 miliyoni, ndipo ku China kunali matani pafupifupi 1.23 miliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 77% yazinthu zonse padziko lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa China kukhala mtsogoleri wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi wa graphite.

Natural graphite ndi jeti wakuda mu mtundu ndi poterera mu kapangidwe. Malingana ndi kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe ake a crystalline, akhoza kugawidwa mu crystalline graphite ndi amorphous graphite.

Ma crystalline graphite ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino a kristalo ndipo makhiristo amatha kuwonedwa ndi maso. Itha kugawidwanso mu flake graphite ndi block graphite. Zigawo zing'onozing'ono za graphite zikasanjidwa mwadongosolo, zimapanga nsomba-zokhala zazikulu-ngati flake graphite. Ngati dongosololi silikuyenda bwino, dense block graphite imapangidwa.

Magetsi a cryptocrystalline graphite ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo amafanana ndi dothi-ngati zinthu. Maonekedwe ake a krustalo amatha kuwonedwa momveka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu a elekitironi, motero amatchedwanso dothi-ngati graphite.

Mtundu wa kristalo wa graphite wachilengedwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtengo wake wamakampani. Nthawi zambiri, digiri ya crystallization imakhala yabwinoko, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe ake ndi apamwamba. Choncho, flake graphite nthawi zambiri amakhala apamwamba katundu ndi ntchito mtengo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya graphite.

Kutengera gulu la mchere malinga ndi mawonekedwe a crystalline, ma depositi a graphite amathanso kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu: mtundu wa metamorphic wachigawo, mtundu wa metamorphic kukhudzana, ndi mtundu wa magmatic hydrothermal, potengera maziko a geological ndi mikhalidwe pakupanga graphite.

Magawo a metamorphic graphite deposits amapangidwa makamaka ndi chigawo cha metamorphism cha kaboni wakale-yomwe ili ndi matalala ozungulira chifukwa cha mayendedwe a tectonic. Nthawi zambiri amatulutsa-zakukulu komanso{3}}zapamwamba kwambiri zopanga ma flake graphite. Ngakhale kalasi ya ore ndi yotsika, madipozitiwa ali ndi sikelo yayikulu ndipo mtengo wamakampani ndiwokwera kwambiri.

Contact metamorphic graphite deposit imapangidwa pamene magma ilowa mu malasha-ndipo kaboni yomwe ili mu malasha imalowa mu metamorphism. Amadziwikanso kuti malasha-bearing graphite. Digiri ya graphite crystallization ndi yotsika, yowonetsedwa ngati microcrystalline kapena cryptocrystalline. Ore kalasi ndi yokwera, kufika 60% mpaka 90%.

Magma hydrothermal graphite deposits amapangidwa ndi kuzizira ndi kusungunuka kwa carbon-yokhala ndi magma fluids. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi matupi osakhazikika amchere, kusiyana kwakukulu pamlingo wa graphite crystallization, ndipo ambiri ndi apakati mpaka abwino kwambiri a flake graphite. Ore kalasi ndi yotsika.

Mapangidwe apadera a graphite achilengedwe amamupatsa zinthu zingapo zabwino kwambiri, komanso amakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake m'mafakitale.

Kufewa:Graphite ili ndi-kutentha kokwanira kwambiri. Malo ake osungunuka ali pafupi ndi digiri ya 4,000 ndipo malo ake otentha amafika madigiri 4,250. Graphite ndi kristalo wa atomiki, ndipo ma covalent amodzi pakati pa ma atomu a carbon ndi amphamvu kwambiri omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri kuti aswe. Choncho, malo osungunuka a graphite ndi okwera kwambiri, ndipo amawonda pang'ono ngakhale kutentha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, m'mafakitale monga zitsulo ndi kuponya, graphite ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga magnesiamu{9}njerwa za carbon refractory ndi{10}}zotentha kwambiri{11}}zomangira ma graphite crucibles.

Kusamva mankhwala:Graphite ili ndi -zambiri zowononga dzimbiri. Imatha kupirira kukokoloka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma acid amphamvu, zoyambira zolimba ndi njira za organic. Kuphatikiza apo, graphite ili ndi "kulumikizana" kotsika kwambiri pamakina ambiri amankhwala, ndipo pamwamba pake simakonda kukula. Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga mankhwala kupanga{4}}zida zosawonongeka kwambiri-zosagwira ntchito, monga mapaipi amankhwala, matanki ochitirapo kanthu, nsanja zoyaka moto, ndi zina zotero.

Mafuta abwino:Graphite ndi mafuta olimba omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe kake kosanjikiza kosavuta kutsetsereka kamapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri yopaka mafuta. Pambuyo potulutsa mpweya ndi mpweya wamadzi mumlengalenga, mtunda wapakati pa zigawo za graphite ukuwonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kutsetsereka komanso kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yake yamafuta. Choncho, m'mafakitale monga kupanga makina, ma graphite amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta olimba kuti athandize kuchotsa nkhungu pazitsulo, kapena akhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi zitsulo zina kuti apange mafuta{3}}ma bearings opanda mafuta ndi zinthu zina zosasunthika. Ndiwonso mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku kuti athetse vuto la dzimbiri la ma lock cores.

Mphamvu yamagetsi:Graphite ndi chinthu chomwe sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri-chomwe chimakhala chogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka ma elekitironi a maatomu a carbon mu graphite. Atomu iliyonse ya carbon ili ndi ma elekitironi 4 mu gawo lake lakunja. Mu chisa cha uchi-monga graphite, atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imagwiritsa ntchito ma elekitironi atatu kuti ilumikizane ndi ma atomu atatu a carbon mozungulira kuti apange ma covalent bonds. Chifukwa chake, atomu iliyonse ya kaboni imakhala ndi ma elekitironi owonjezera aulere kuti aziyendetsa magetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti graphite ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Choncho, graphite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani amagetsi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati filament ya -mababu amphamvu kwambiri, ma carbon rod, maburashi, ndi zina zotero, kapena amapaka ngati maelekitirodi mu machubu ang'onoang'ono a kaboni a electrode, ma elekitirodi abwino a mercury rectifiers, welding carbon, telefoni ndi zina.

Komanso, khola thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha graphite kudziwa kuyenerera kwake monga mankhwala anachita retardant ndi wabwino insulator. Izi zathandiza kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri-pamafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga zida za nyukiliya ndi zida zazamlengalenga. Mum'badwo wachinayi-m'badwo wachinayi-wotentha kwambiri-magesi oziziritsa{5}}ozizira omwe akugwira ntchito ku China, graphite yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati retardant pamagetsi.

Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya "golide wakuda wamakampani".

Ma graphite achilengedwe ndi malasha onse ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu za carbon, ndipo zonsezi zimadziwika kuti "golide wakuda wamakampani". Komabe, amasiyana kwambiri pamapangidwe ake komanso mapangidwe ake, komanso ali ndi mwayi wawo wapadera pazogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro apangidwe, ma graphite achilengedwe ndi malasha amasiyana kwambiri. Natural graphite ndi mchere woyera wopangidwa ndi zinthu za carbon, ndi maatomu a carbon okonzedwa mwadongosolo komanso mawonekedwe a kristalo ofanana. Koma malasha ndi osakaniza zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga carbon, hydrogen, ndi oxygen. Ma atomu a kaboni amaphatikizana ndi maatomu ena kupanga mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, omwe amaphatikizana mwachisawawa ndi zinthu zopanda organic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe ovuta komanso osasinthika. Choncho, thupi ndi mankhwala a graphite ndi okhazikika kwambiri kuposa malasha. Malo ake oyatsira, malo osungunuka, ndi kutenthetsa kwake zonse ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa za malasha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ngakhale onse ali ndi zinthu zambiri za kaboni, malasha amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta pomwe graphite sangathe.

Malinga ndi zomwe zimayambitsa, ngakhale kuti graphite ndi malasha achilengedwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku sedimentation ndi metamorphism ya zotsalira za zomera zakale, kupangidwa kwa graphite kumafuna kutentha kwakukulu-kutsika kwambiri{1}}kukuya kwa nthaka, komwe mpweya umatha kupanga makristasi a graphite. Malasha amangofunika kuti adulidwe m'malo osaya kwambiri a dziko lapansi kuti apange lignite, ndikukhala ndi digiri yochepa ya metamorphism kuti apange malasha a bituminous ndi anthracite. Ngati kutentha ndi kupanikizika kumapitirira kuwonjezeka, kusintha kwa malasha kupita ku graphite kungathenso kuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, contact metamorphic malasha-mtundu wa graphite amapangidwa pamene anthracite layer ilowetsedwa ndi magma ndikudutsa-temperature metamorphism.

M'mafakitale, ma graphite achilengedwe ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi malasha. Ma graphite achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafakitale popanga zida zamakina a mafakitale ndi zida za kaboni-zopangidwa ndi kaboni. Komano, malasha amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyatsira mphamvu komanso kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kupanga magetsi, kupanga zitsulo, kupanga methanol, ammonia, ndi zina zotero.

Kubwera kwa kuzungulira kwatsopano kwa kusintha kwa mafakitale padziko lonse kwabweretsa mwayi watsopano ndi zovuta pa kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito graphite. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kukweza kwa mafakitale, umisiri wotsogola wa graphite wapambana mosalekeza, mawonekedwe a graphite apangidwa mozama ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo makampani opanga ma graphite ayamba kupita ku{1}}zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Pakhala pali zida zatsopano za graphite, monga graphite yosinthika, graphite yozungulira, graphene, ndi zina zotero.

Ma graphite osinthika amapangidwa ndikuwotcha mwachangu komanso kukulitsa ma graphite achilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Chifukwa cha kukulitsa kwake kupanga, imatchedwanso graphite yowonjezera. Ma graphite osinthika samangotengera luso lachilengedwe la graphite komanso amakulitsa kufewa kwake, kulimba mtima, ndi kutsatsa. Itha kugwira ntchito pansi pa kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri, kapena mikhalidwe ya radiation ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa moto komanso chosindikizira. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ake a hydrophobic ndi oleophilic, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira popangira mafuta{4}omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri poyang'anira kutayikira kwamafuta ndi madzi otayira m'malo amafuta; imathanso kuchotsa zinthu zosungunuka m'mafuta, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zina zowopsa za organic kapena organic, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu zovulaza mu utsi wa mafakitale ndi mpweya wotulutsa magalimoto.

graphite yozungulira imapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina ndi zakuthupi kuti sphericalize chilengedwe cha flake graphite. Chozungulira chozungulira chimaipatsa mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi, mphamvu yochajitsa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, komanso moyo wozungulira, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira kwambiri pamabatire a lithiamu{1}}ayoni. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu{3}}ion muzinthu zamagetsi monga makompyuta, mauthenga, ndi zosangalatsa zakula kwambiri. Chifukwa chakukula kwachangu kwa magalimoto amagetsi aukhondo komanso osateteza chilengedwe, kufunikira kwa mabatire amphamvu a lithiamu a lithiamu-yamphamvu kwambiri akuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zachititsa kuti graphite yozungulira ifunike kwambiri.

Pakati pa mitundu yonse yatsopano ya zida za graphite zomwe zilipo pakalipano, graphene mosakayikira ndi "kavalo wakuda" wa zida, zomwe zimayambitsa funde latsopano la ntchito za graphite ndikuyimiradi mtundu watsopano wa mphamvu yobala.

Graphene ndi pepala limodzi-losanjikiza{1}ngati chinthu chopangidwa ndi maatomu a carbon, omwe amadziwikanso kuti monolayer graphite. Ngakhale kuti ndi yopyapyala kwambiri, imakhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri, komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi kusungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunika kwambiri m'madera ambiri monga physics, chemistry, biology, ndi mphamvu. Potengera luso lapamwamba la ma graphene, zinthu zotsogola zamafakitale ndi zamagetsi monga ma graphene composite anti-zopaka kutu, filimu yoziziritsa kutentha, zida zowonetsera zosinthika, ndi masensa zomverera zitha kupangidwa. M'tsogolomu, graphene idzakhala ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu m'madera monga biomedicine, optics, electronics, ndi chilengedwe, ndipo ikuyembekezeka kubweretsa kusintha kosokoneza mu gawo la semiconductor, kukhala zofunikira kwambiri{6}}zozungulira zam'badwo ndi makompyuta apamwamba.

Pankhani ya kupitiriza-kufufuza mozama pa zinthu za graphite, zatsopano ndiponso zapamwamba-zopangidwa ndi ma graphite{2}zikuyembekezeka kuonekera m'tsogolomu, zomwe zidzathandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti mtundu wa graphite wachilengedwe umakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zatsopano zokonzedwa kuchokera pamenepo. Ubwino ndi chiyero cha graphite zachilengedwe, ubwino waukulu pokonzekera zipangizo zatsopano. M'tsogolomu, mphamvu zatsopano, zipangizo zatsopano, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi zamlengalenga, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono za graphite, -zidzafunika kwambiri. Monga dziko la China lomwe lili lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, liyenera kupitiriza kuzama kwambiri pofufuza zinthu za graphite, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kufufuza mozama{9}migodi yozama ndi kupanga{10}zinthu zabwino kwambiri, ndi kudalira izi, kulimbikitsa chitukuko ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa graphite, kupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku ndi luso lazopangapanga ndi luso lazopangapanga. zabwino m'magawo atsopano, kulimbikitsa mosalekeza kukulitsa mphamvu zatsopano zopangira.